Is Surge of Brilliance legal in Standard, Modern, and Commander?

Surge of Brilliance is legal in: Legacy, Vintage, Commander.

What type of card is Surge of Brilliance?

Surge of Brilliance is an Instant. Its oracle text reads: "Paradox — Draw a card for each spell you've cast this turn from anywhere other than your hand. Foretell {1}{U} (During your turn, you may pay {2} and exile this card from your hand face down. Cast it on a later turn for its foretell cost.) *"They may have superior numbers, but we have superior minds."*"